Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anthrax outbreaks: a warning for improved prevention, control and heightened awareness. Shadomy S, El Idrissi A, Raizman E, et al. Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Hunter’s tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases. In: Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson NE, Endy TP, editors. The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2019. Keywordsīower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RL, et al. The triad of ongoing surveillance, continued use of anthrax vaccine for livestock and their handlers, and postexposure prophylaxis, as needed for outbreak control, are key to further reducing global disease burden. By the end of the twentieth century, the global annual occurrence of human anthrax had been further reduced to 2000 cases. In some instances, such as when working with active bacteria in laboratories, contact with the active bacteria may cause infection. Human and livestock vaccination programs expanded, and additional improvements were made in agricultural hygiene and livestock processing. Most anthrax infections are cutaneous and result from BA spores entering a cut or abrasion on the skin, such as when handling contaminated wool, animal hides, leather, or hair products of infected animals. At the end of the first half of the twentieth century, reported annual cases of human anthrax had been reduced to 20,000. Stepwise improvements in industrial and agricultural hygiene, combined with efforts to vaccinate both livestock and humans at occupational risk of disease, were remarkably successful in reducing the disease burden. At the beginning of the twentieth century, approximately 100,000 cases of human anthrax occurred each year worldwide.
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